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In the comprehensive management of groundwater overexploitation, agricultural irrigation water monitoring is the core control link. By accurately measuring irrigation water, the governance goal of "determining land and production based on water" can be achieved. The monitoring system mainly consists of an ultrasonic flowmeter, an intelligent water meter, and a remote transmission module. The ultrasonic flowmeter is installed in the irrigation main and branch canals and adopts a non-contact measurement method, which is not affected by impurities in the water. The measurement range is 0.1-10m ³/s, with an accuracy of ± 1.5%, and can real-time calculate the channel's water flow.

In the Xuchang Agricultural Water Conservation Demonstration Zone in Henan Province, each irrigation well is equipped with an intelligent water meter, which is linked to irrigation electricity. When farmers swipe their cards to use electricity, the water meter automatically starts measuring water volume, and the data is synchronously uploaded to the county-level and township supervision platforms through 4G network. The platform has the function of water quantity statistics and analysis, which can generate irrigation water reports according to land plots and crop types. When the irrigation water volume per acre exceeds the crop water demand quota by 20%, it will automatically send a reminder message to the village water manager. In response to the irrigation differences between field crops and cash crops, the system sets different water use thresholds. The irrigation quota for a single season in wheat fields is set at 220m ³/mu, while the quota for vegetable greenhouses is dynamically adjusted according to the growth period.

Monitoring data provides a basis for agricultural water-saving subsidies. Dezhou, Shandong Province, verified the irrigation water volume and issued a subsidy of 50 yuan per mu to farmers who use drip irrigation technology and have an average water consumption of less than 180m ³ per mu, driving the irrigation water utilization coefficient in the demonstration area from 0.65 to 0.82. The monitoring equipment needs to undergo flow calibration once every quarter, and the measurement accuracy should be verified using the standard volume method to ensure the authenticity and reliability of irrigation water data, providing solid support for the comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of groundwater overexploitation control.

Fiber optic sensing technology, with its strong anti-interference ability, is used for monitoring internal deformation of landslide bodies. Distributed fiber optic sensors can achieve continuous monitoring up to 10km in length, with a positioning accuracy of 1m, and can accurately identify the position of landslide sliding surfaces. In the post earthquake landslide monitoring of Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area, Sichuan, InSAR and ground GNSS technologies were integrated to quickly identify 32 potential landslide hazards. The selection of monitoring technology should be combined with the type of landslide. For shallow landslides, surface displacement and moisture content monitoring are emphasized, while for deep landslides, internal structure and stress monitoring need to be strengthened. Through technological integration, landslide risk control can be achieved.