09,18,2026 10 views
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The dam displacement monitoring equipment is the hardware cornerstone of the dam safety monitoring system. Various types of equipment work together to comprehensively capture dam deformation information from surface to deep, from local to global. The performance of these devices directly determines the reliability of monitoring data, and their stable operation is a prerequisite for achieving dam safety warning, just like equipping the "Great Wall of Water Veins" with precision "physical examination instruments" to ensure that every subtle change can be accurately perceived.
According to the different monitoring objects and principles, dam displacement monitoring equipment can be divided into two categories: surface monitoring and internal monitoring. The surface monitoring equipment is based on GNSS receivers and total stations. The GNSS receiver is responsible for real-time acquisition of three-dimensional coordinates of the dam crest, slope, and other parts. The total station achieves accurate measurement of horizontal displacement through polar coordinate method, sight line method, etc. The combination of the two can achieve full coverage monitoring of dam surface deformation. In a certain project, the total station is used in conjunction with the GNSS system, and the distance between the measuring station and the monitoring point is controlled within 300 meters. By increasing the number of measurement cycles, the coordinate error is controlled within 1mm.
The internal monitoring equipment focuses on the displacement changes in the deep layers of the dam structure, with inclinometers being a typical representative. The inclinometer embeds inclinometers inside the dam body, and the sensors slide along the inner wall of the pipes to measure the inclination angles at different depths, thereby calculating the horizontal displacement values. It can effectively capture hidden dangers such as crack development and rock and soil sliding inside the dam body. In addition, the expansion meter is used to monitor the opening and closing degree of the dam body joints, while the settlement meter is specifically used to measure the vertical settlement of the dam foundation. These devices together form a "deformation sensing network" inside the dam body.
The environmental adaptability design of equipment is the key to ensuring monitoring continuity. The operating environment of dams is complex, and the equipment on the upstream side needs to have waterproof and water pressure resistance capabilities, while the equipment on the dam crest needs to withstand strong winds, lightning strikes, high temperatures, cold weather, and other weather conditions. Therefore, mainstream equipment generally adopts industrial grade design standards, and the sensor housing is made of 304 stainless steel or titanium alloy material, which has anti-corrosion and anti-aging characteristics; The circuit system adopts sealed treatment, with a protection level of IP68, and can work for a long time at a depth of 10 meters underwater. The power supply system adopts a complementary mode of mains electricity and solar energy to ensure uninterrupted operation of equipment in case of emergencies such as power outages during flood season.
Calibration and maintenance of equipment are important steps in improving monitoring reliability. According to the specifications, stability checks must be conducted on the reference points and working base points before monitoring horizontal displacement. Optical instruments such as total stations should be regularly inspected for vertical axis tilt errors to ensure measurement accuracy. For GNSS devices, regular data comparison and calibration with reference stations are required to eliminate errors caused by satellite signal interference; The inclinometer needs to undergo initial value measurement after being buried, and subsequent on-site verification should be conducted at least once every quarter to ensure data continuity.
With the development of IoT technology, dam displacement monitoring equipment is moving towards intelligence and integration. Modern devices generally have built-in wireless communication modules that support real-time data upload to cloud platforms. Some devices also have self diagnostic functions that can provide timely feedback on abnormal operating status. At a large water conservancy hub, integrated monitoring equipment integrates monitoring functions such as displacement, stress, and temperature, and achieves multi parameter acquisition through a single bus, significantly reducing equipment deployment and maintenance costs. These technological advancements have made dam displacement monitoring equipment not only a data collection tool, but also an intelligent unit in the dam safety management system.
